Lab

See the idea. Put it to the test.

956 practicals from Kindergarten to Year 12, in 9 subjects. A practical gives the idea, what you need, the steps, what you should see and a safety card. A teacher-led practical gives the idea and its hazards; its method is for tutors on the learning platform.

Review

Reviewed before publication (owner’s confirmation, 24 September 2026). That covers every practical here, and a practical’s page lists the sources its author read.

A safety card on every page

The risk, who supervises and the hazards. The 38 teacher-led practicals show their idea and hazards here; their materials, steps and sources, and any result, control or note that states a number or an amount, are for tutors and administrators on the learning platform.

School laboratory, not for home

207 practicals are medium or high risk. Each says so on its page: In a school laboratory, with a teacher supervising, under the school's risk assessment. Not for home.

Curriculum references

Each practical lists the NSW syllabus outcomes and Australian Curriculum v9 codes it supports. They are references, not a verified or complete curriculum alignment.

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A practical is carried out at the bench, in the classroom or outdoors. A practical with its model not built stands on its own; the page says where a step mentions the model. A calculation and data practical works from published figures by hand, with a calculator or in a spreadsheet. No Lab page includes an interactive model; the Concept Studio holds the demonstrations.

13 practicals

Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Earth and space

  1. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Chemical weathering of limestone: reaction of calcium carbonate with dilute acid

    Carbonate rock dissolves in acid at a rate set by surface area, concentration and temperature, the same chemistry that forms caves and soil from limestone.

    Practical, model not builtMedium risk
  2. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Classifying rocks as igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic with a dichotomous key

    Texture (crystal or grain size, layering, foliation) and mineral content record how a rock formed, which is what a rock classification key reads.

    PracticalLow risk
  3. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Crystal size and cooling rate with salol on warm and cold slides

    Slow cooling grows large crystals and fast cooling grows small ones, which is why intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks of the same composition look different.

    PracticalLow risk
  4. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Density of crust, mantle and core materials and what it tells us about the interior

    Surface rocks are far less dense than the whole Earth, so the interior must hold much denser material, which the layered model reproduces.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  5. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Identifying minerals by hardness, streak, lustre, cleavage, acid test and specific gravity

    A mineral is identified from a fixed set of physical properties that follow from its composition and crystal structure, applied through a dichotomous key.

    PracticalLow risk
  6. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Modelling divergent, convergent and transform boundaries and the features they build

    Each boundary type produces a characteristic set of features, rift and ridge, trench and fold mountains, offset faults, which simple sand and card models reproduce under the same motions.

    PracticalLow risk
  7. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    Sea-floor spreading and magnetic stripes: a magnetised-pin model and the spreading-rate calculator

    New crust forms at a ridge and records the magnetic field of its day, so on each side of the ridge a stripe’s width equals the half spreading rate multiplied by the length of that polarity interval.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  8. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    The continental jigsaw: fitting the continents at the edge of the shelf

    The continents fit at the continental shelf edge rather than the coastline, and matching rocks and fossils across the join are evidence that they were once one.

    PracticalLow risk
  9. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 11

    The S-wave shadow zone: modelling why the outer core must be liquid

    S waves cannot pass through liquid, so stations more than about 103 degrees from an earthquake record no direct S waves, which fixes the size and state of the outer core.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  10. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 12

    A scale model of geological time from the International Chronostratigraphic Chart

    Almost all of Earth history passed before complex life; a scaled timeline built from the chart’s numerical ages makes the proportions of the eons and the brevity of human time visible.

    PracticalLow risk
  11. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 12

    Making mould, cast and trace fossils in clay and plaster

    A fossil is usually not the organism but the shape it left, a mould, the filling of that shape, a cast, or the mark of its activity, a trace.

    PracticalLow risk
  12. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 12

    Sediment layers in a jar: superposition, grading and reading a sequence

    Sediment settles with the oldest layer at the base, coarsest grains first in each pulse, which is the rule that lets a rock sequence be read in order.

    PracticalLow risk
  13. Earth and Environmental Science 11–12 · Year 12

    Strike, dip and the order of events at an outcrop or road cutting (fieldwork)

    Beds are laid down close to horizontal, so a steep measured dip records tilting or folding that came after deposition; with superposition, cross-cutting relationships and unconformities, strike and dip readings put the events at an outcrop in order.

    PracticalMedium risk

For tutors and administrators

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