Lab

See the idea. Put it to the test.

956 practicals from Kindergarten to Year 12, in 9 subjects. A practical gives the idea, what you need, the steps, what you should see and a safety card. A teacher-led practical gives the idea and its hazards; its method is for tutors on the learning platform.

Review

Reviewed before publication (owner’s confirmation, 24 September 2026). That covers every practical here, and a practical’s page lists the sources its author read.

A safety card on every page

The risk, who supervises and the hazards. The 38 teacher-led practicals show their idea and hazards here; their materials, steps and sources, and any result, control or note that states a number or an amount, are for tutors and administrators on the learning platform.

School laboratory, not for home

207 practicals are medium or high risk. Each says so on its page: In a school laboratory, with a teacher supervising, under the school's risk assessment. Not for home.

Curriculum references

Each practical lists the NSW syllabus outcomes and Australian Curriculum v9 codes it supports. They are references, not a verified or complete curriculum alignment.

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A practical is carried out at the bench, in the classroom or outdoors. A practical with its model not built stands on its own; the page says where a step mentions the model. A calculation and data practical works from published figures by hand, with a calculator or in a spreadsheet. No Lab page includes an interactive model; the Concept Studio holds the demonstrations.

12 practicals

Biology 11–12 · Biology · Genetics and evolution

  1. Biology 11–12 · Year 11

    Natural selection by predation: coloured rice with a one-locus selection model

    When a predator finds one colour more easily than another, the proportion of the harder-to-see colour rises generation by generation; the same logic in allele terms gives a predictable change in frequency.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  2. Biology 11–12 · Year 11

    Radiometric dating: dice decay and an age calculator from parent and daughter counts

    Each unstable atom has a fixed chance of decaying in a given time, so a large sample halves at a constant interval and the ratio of parent to daughter atoms gives the age of a fossil or rock.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  3. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Asexual reproduction and whole-plant cloning from stem cuttings

    A stem cutting regrows roots and becomes a genetically identical plant, which is asexual reproduction put to use as cloning.

    PracticalLow risk
  4. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Cloning cauliflower by tissue culture on sterile medium

    A few plant cells on a sterile nutrient medium can regrow a whole plant because plant cells keep the capacity to form any tissue, which is the basis of micropropagation.

    PracticalMedium risk
  5. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Coin-toss crosses: predicted ratios, sampling scatter and the chi-squared test

    A Punnett square predicts a ratio, but real offspring counts scatter around it, and a chi-squared test decides whether the scatter is more than chance.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  6. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Extracting DNA from split peas or onion

    Breaking cells with detergent, stripping proteins with a protease and adding cold ethanol pulls the long DNA molecules out of solution as a visible mass.

    PracticalMedium risk
  7. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Flower dissection and hand pollination of rapid-cycling brassicas

    A flower's parts are organised for pollen transfer and fertilisation, and moving pollen by hand between chosen parents is the basis of artificial pollination in plant breeding.

    PracticalLow risk
  8. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Frequency of PTC tasting in a class and the allele frequencies it implies

    PTC tasting is often treated as a trait with dominant inheritance, and under that simplification the fraction of non-tasters gives the recessive allele frequency by Hardy-Weinberg; the University of Utah page cautions that tasters vary greatly in sensitivity and that the PTC gene has about 85 percent of the influence, so the figure is an estimate under a simple model.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  9. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Gel electrophoresis of food dyes and a size calculator for DNA fragments

    Charged molecules travel through a gel at speeds set by size and charge, and a ladder of known sizes calibrates the gel. Food dyes stand in for DNA fragments: the gel shows the separation step that DNA profiling depends on, without running any DNA and without reading an inheritance pattern.

    Teacher-led practicalPractical, model not builtMedium risk
  10. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Mitosis in an onion root tip squash and the mitotic index

    Growing root tips are full of dividing cells, and a stained squash shows every stage of mitosis at once so the fraction of cells dividing can be counted.

    Teacher-led practicalPracticalMedium risk
  11. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Modelling DNA replication and the Meselson-Stahl test of three models

    Each strand of a DNA molecule is a template for a new complementary strand, so every daughter molecule keeps one old strand, and the pattern of heavy and light DNA across generations distinguishes this semi-conservative model from its rivals.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk
  12. Biology 11–12 · Year 12

    Modelling meiosis, crossing over and fertilisation with Reebop chromosomes

    Independent assortment, crossing over and random fertilisation together give each offspring a genotype that no sibling need share, and a physical model makes each source of variation countable.

    Practical, model not builtLow risk

For tutors and administrators

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